A quick note about an amazing UI from Writefull called Sentence Palette that shows how to combine structured content with prompts to write in a structured way. It nicely fleshes out the granular structure of a complex document down to the sentence level. I see broad application for this kind of approach for many kinds of content.
The deep analysis of large content corpora reveals common patterns not just in the conceptual organization of topics but also in the narrative patterns used to discuss them.
Writefull has assessed the academic writing domain and uncovered common text patterns used, for example, in article abstracts. LLMs can draw upon these text fragments to help authors develop new content. This opens up new possibilities for the development of structured content.
There are literally hundreds of CMSs on the market, possibly thousands. So much choice, but often so little satisfaction, judging by the gripes of end-users. Why is the right option so muddled? Old CMS vendors soldier on, and new ones enter the market all the time, promising a better future. How do we make sense of this?
A large part of the answer is the CMS buyer, and CMS users, are different people. The buyer and user have completely different relationships to the CMS. The buyer has either budgetary authority or responsibility for implementing the CMS. The buyer decides what to buy based on budget or infrastructure considerations. They dominate discussions of CMSs during the purchase phase but disappear afterward.
Only after the CMS is purchased do users gain much notice. They now have to “adopt” the CMS and be trained on how to use it. While they may not have had much say in what was purchased, they may nonetheless be hopeful their new solution will be better than the old one. After years of complaining, the user at last enjoys the spotlight. They get a new system and training. However, following a honeymoon period, users may notice the new system has many of the same issues as the one it replaced. Their CMS doesn’t satisfy their needs!
CMSs are hardly unique in sparking user complaints. All kinds of enterprise software generate dissatisfaction. These problems stem from a common practice: the buyers of enterprise software are not the users of the software.
Do enterprises care about internal users? The field of enterprise UX emerged in response to a common situation: enterprise software is often less usable than consumer software. One explanation for why consumer software is better than enterprise software is that developers are unsure what consumers want so they test and iterate their designs to ensure people are willing to buy it. For enterprise software, the user base is considered a known and given quantity, especially if the enterprise application is being developed internally.
Enterprise software has changed dramatically over the past decade. It was once common for such software to be developed internally (“homegrown”), or else procured and installed on-premises (“off-the-shelf”). Either way, enterprise software was hard to change. Employees were expected to put up and shut up. Now, much enterprise software is SaaS. In principle, it should now be easier for enterprises to switch software, as firms shouldn’t be locked in. Usability should matter more now.
What’s good enough? Benchmarking usability. The most common usability benchmark is the System Usability Scale (SUS), which has been in use for four decades. Many software vendors, such as GitLab use SUS. A SUS survey yields a score from 0-100 that can be broken into “grades” that reveal how good the usability of the software is compared to other software, as this table from GitLab shows.
The SUS can be used to assess any type of software. It measures general usability, rather than the specific usability of a certain category of software. It matters little who has the best medical claims reconciliation software if all software in that category is below average compared to overall norms.
Employees aren’t consumers. It’s not straightforward to apply consumer usability practices to enterprise software. Many user experience assessment approaches, including the SUS to some degree, rely on measuring user preferences. The SUS asks users if they agree with the statement, “I think that I would like to use this product frequently.” Yet employees are required to use certain software — their preferences have no bearing on whether they use the software or not.
The ESUS is readily applicable to assessing CMSs — what in the content strategy discipline is known as the authoring experience, which covers the editorial interface, workflow, analytics, content inventory management, and related end-user tasks. These tasks embody the essential purpose of the software: Can employees get their work done successfully?
ESUS consists of just five questions that cover major CMS issues:
Usefulness – whether the CMS has required functionality and makes it possible to utilize it.
Ease of use – whether the CMS is clear and allows tasks to be completed in a few clicks or steps.
Control – whether the CMS empowers the user.
Cohesion – do the CMS capabilities work together in an integrated manner?
Learnability – can the user make use of the CMS without special training?
The ESUS, shown below, is elegantly simple.
ESUS Items
1
2
3
4
5
How useful is this CMS to you?
Not at all useful
Slightly useful
Somewhat useful
Mostly useful
Very useful
How easy or hard was this CMS to use for you?
Very Hard
Hard
Neutral
Easy
Very Easy
How confident were you when using this CMS?
Not at all confident
Slightly confident
Somewhat confident
Mostly confident
Very confident
How well do the functions work together or do not work together in this CMS?
Does not work together at all
Does not work well together
Neutral
Works well together
Works very well together
How easy or hard was it to get started with this CMS?
Very Hard
Hard
Neutral
Easy
Very Easy
Microsoft’s proposed Enterprise System Usability Scale (ESUS) applied to CMS evaluation by employees
How enterprises might use ESUS
The ESUS questionnaire provides quantitive feedback on the suitability of various CMSs, which can be compared.
Benchmark your current state. Enterprises should survey employees about their current CMSs. Benchmark current levels of satisfaction and compare different vendors. Most large enterprises use CMSs from more than one vendor.
Benchmark your desired state. It is also possible to use ESUS for pilot implementations — not vendor demos, but a realistic if limited implementation that reflects the company’s actual situation.
Measure and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different classes of CMSs and understand common tradeoffs. The more separate usability dimensions a vendor tries to maximize, the harder it gets. Much like the iron triangle of project management (the choice of only two priorities among scope, time, and budget), software products also face common tradeoffs. For example, a feature-robust CMS such as AEM can be a difficult-to-learn CMS. Is that tradeoff a given? The ESUS can tell us, using data from real users.
CMSs will vary in their usefulness. Some will have limited functionality, while others will be stuffed with so much functionality that usefulness is compromised. Does what’s out of the box match what users expect? It’s easy to misjudge this. Some vendors overprioritize “simplicity” and deliver a stymied product. Other vendors overemphasize “everythingness” – pretending to be a Swiss Army knife that does everything, if poorly.
CMS difficulty is…difficult to get right. But it matters. Not everyone finds the same things difficult. Developers will find some tasks less onerous than non-developers, for example. But everyone seems to agree when things are easy to do. That’s why consumer software is popular — rigorous user testing has de-bugged its problems, and everyone, no matter their tolerance for nuisance, benefits.
CMSs often fail to give users control — at some point. What’s interesting to look at is where the CMS falls down. Maybe the user feels in control when doing something simple and granular, but is overwhelmed when doing something involving many items at once or a complex task. Conversely, some CMSs are better at batch or exception tasks but impose a rigid process on everyone even to do basic tasks.
Simple CMSs may be coherent, but complex ones often aren’t. Every CMS will be compared to a word processor, which seems simple because it deals with one author at a time. It’s an unfair comparison; it ignores the many other tasks that CMSs support, such as analytics and workflow. But too many CMSs are pointlessly complex. They are mashups of functionality, the shotgun marriage of corporate divisions that don’t collaborate, separate products that were acquired and packaged as a suite, or collections of unrelated products patched together to provide missing functionality.
CMSs vary in their learnability. Some are so complicated that firms hire specialists just to manage the product. Other products require online “academies” to learn them — and possibly certifications to prove your diligence. Still others seem indistinguishable from everyday software we know already until one needs to do some that’s not every day.
Comparing CMSs quantitatively
Over the years, the CMS industry has splintered into more categories with shifting names. It’s become hard to compare CMSs because all want to seem special in their own way. Many categories have become meaningless and obscure what matters.
Remove the qualification “of.” Plenty of sites will claim to be arbiters of what’s best. Analyst firms create “Best of” lists of CMSs based on various criteria. What gets lost in this sorting and filtering is the sense that maybe everyone interested in content management wants many of the same things.
Some analysts focus on the vendor’s projection (positioning) as innovative or market-leading — qualities hard to define and compare. Some other sites rank vendors based on customer surveys, which can reflect whether the customer is in their honeymoon phase or has been incentivized to respond. While these resources can provide some useful information, they fail to provide feedback on things of interest to everyone, such as:
Comparison of CMSs from vendors from different CMS categories
Comparison of the usability of various CMSs
The ESUS can cut through the curation ring fence of “Best of” lists. It’s not beholden to arbitrary categories for classifying content management systems that can prevent comparison between them.
Aim for unfiltered comparison. Imagine if CMS users could get a direct answer to the question, Which CMS has better usability, overall: Adobe Experience Manager, Contentful, Wix, Drupal, WordPress, or Webflow? After all, all these products manage content. Let’s start here, with how well they do the basics.
Many folks would object that it’s an unfair question, like comparing apples with oranges. I believe those objections devalue the importance of usability. Every CMS user deserves good usability. And there’s no evidence that CMS users have different standards of usability — 40 years of SUS results tell us otherwise. Users all want the same experience — even when they want different functional details.
